Achieve dramatic effect Essay Example for Free

Achieve dramatic effect EssayAct three is the boiling period of time of the crucible. How does Arthur Miller create tension and suspense to achieve dramatic effect?The crucible was written in 1953 to highlight the atrocities of McCarthyism, the modern parallel to the Salem witch-hunts. Senator Joseph McCarthy was as determined to hunt out communists, as the Salem judges had been to hunt out witches. Like the Salem judges he sought to extr cause world-class confessions and then named of alleged associates. Refusal to denounce others in both communities could be punished as contempt of the committee or court therefore many were pressure into self-preservation and started to blame others to save themselves. Most of the crucible is centered on the court and theocracy. It was these strong religious beliefs that made the town of Salem, Massachusetts, particularly disrupted by the rumour of witchcraft. Salem was an intensely Puritan village whose faith frowned upon fun Christmas fe stivities were forbidden and holidays only meant that they must focus even more time upon prayer and the church. This unforgiving upbringing, without any fun, was partly to blame for the childrens crying out. The boredom they must have suffered led to their accusations so that they may be at the centre of attention. The puritan religion at that time throve on fear of the devil and had an obsession with sin and damnation. Therefore any other justification for the girls behaviour was seen as contempt of the court.It wasnt until much(prenominal) later that mass-hysteria was considered and concluded to be the explanation if the girls behaviour. The cause of Mass-hysteria in this case was the group of childrens boredom the reason for this is twofold. Firstly it led to dancing and conjuring of spirit in the wood and secondly Abigail Williams boredom gave her a need for attention. Abigails accusing of several witches caused Betty to believe she saw the Devil and a baseless belief, such as this, is often the cause of Mass-hysteria it begins small with one person in hysteria (Abigail) but travels and inflicts more people and more people.Abigail Williams, a teenage girl, is the most muscular character in The Crucible. During the play she manages to gain control over all but one of the community. However, this person, John Proctor, subjected to Abigails power in the past as we go up out later on and is the cause of much irony in act three. Abigail is Reverend Parris niece, his beliefs and his views of witchcraft change as the play progresses. He goes from be totally against witchcraft and tries in to avoid the subject to trying to convict many witches and those who try to stop the accusations in act three. I think that Parris does this is primarily for self-preservation.The first act of self-preservation in the play was made by Abigail, she accused Tituba, Parris slave. I think that she blamed Tituba because she saw it as a way out. I think that when Hale grabbed h er up close and asked if she called the Devil she replied I never called him Tituba, Tituba because it released the pressure off of her. The pressure being released and put onto Tituba meant that Abigail was free and was not chthonian questioning.The courts procedures were very strict in Salem. There were two judges, judge Hathorne and deputy-governor Danforth. Danforth strongly believes in the court and is stubborn in his beliefs he thinks that people are frightened of the court because they are guilty. He wont listen to any reason that may lead him off his path. When Giles Corey proposes his deposition to save his wife (which said that Putnam manipulated the girls) is proposed in act three, Danforth sticks to the way he believes is right, the court. He says that he must go through the proper procedure and that he must submit his evidence in proper affidavit.Miller puts Giles deposition in the play for two reasons. I think that the first is to show how difficult it is to be heard and that they could not dissent their innocence, this foreshadows the later events. I think the second reason is to create time for the judges to read it. This time creates tension as the audience are time lag to see what will happen with Mary Warrens deposition, which we know about from act two.Arthur Miller builds up the tension in act three, he uses the tension of the difference between Danforth, Parris and Hale near the begin and throughout. Theses are three men with different beliefs, rules and procedures, to achieve dramatic effects. He does this by using the conflict to wee-wee hope in the audience that the court will crumble.Later on in act three Miller creates tension by putting Danforth on the spot. He does this by putting Proctor on the scene with his deposition of the evidence of Mary Warren.Again Miller creates tension because we already know from act one about Marys character. She is a shy, nave and subservient girl who wanted to be honest from the start. In act o ne she says Abby, weve got to tell. We must tell the truth, Abby unless Abigails strong, threatening behaviour stopped her from owning up, we wonder whether Abigail will do this again.

Is War Ethical Essay Example for Free

Is War Ethical EssayThe question, is war ethical, should always be the first question asked and the first question answered before gentle in such a world altering, life changing endeavor. One must be sure that purpose of war is to bring two-eyed violet. That its essential pack is always peace, so if peace is forthcoming in any guise, it is morally critical for all parties to seek a return to a permanent peace rather than a momentary lapse of war (Moseley). Unfortunately, this is not the mindset of Falcon, one of the charters in The Sirens of Baghdad. He is militant consumed with Thanatos and with an appetite for destruction (Hedges 251) towards the American troops Falcon in the core below is determined to deceive and poison the minds of his brethren against the Americans troops. The event with Falcon takes place at the barbershop in Karfr Karam. Falcon and the elders of the township are gathered there, discussing the capture of ibn Talal Hussein by the American force in Ira ki. After some of the elders expressed their gratitude for the Americans capturing ibn Talal Hussein. Falcon takes this opportunity to place his seeds of precariousness. He tries to wrongly persuade his brethren.He expresses to them that the Americans had no right to go after Saddam and insists that it was the people of Iraqis responsibility. He believed it was because of every Iraqis cowardice that Saddam tyrannized them. He references this when he said, People have the kings they deserve (Khadra 32). He then expressed that Saddam may have been a monster but added that he was their monster. Falcon went on to explain that Saddam was one of them and shared their blood. He added that Saddam may have been a tyrant but he was Iraqi and therefore the Americans had no business touching or going after him.Falcon expressed that he would rather have Saddam still in power rather than the infidel American troops in Iraq. Falcon believed it was the Americans force, not Saddam that put Iraq in dire straits. Falcon says, Look at what theyve made of our country hell on earth (Khadra 33). Falcons behavior is fuel by Thanatos just as the behavior of the Islamic clerics was when they were determined to convert their countrymen into devout Muslims. They spurned the decadence of the West including what the clerics condemned as the Wests loose sexual mores, drug use and thirst for sensual gratification(Hedges 260).In that very moment Falcon was purposely lying to demoralize the American troops. He was trying to persuade his audience that the Americans did not decrease to free Iraq and bring peace. Falcon felt Saddam was an excuse to take Iraqs resources and pillage their towns and cities. He tried to fill his audiences minds with motion and mistrust. He was wrongly deceiving his community the same way real life insurgents behave in the Iraqi war. Tariq says, More and more Iraqis were fooled by the insurgents propaganda, and the attacks aimed at Americans and their supporters increased.My country has suffered greatly from the insurgency, and we have lost many people who believed in the U. S. message (Abandoned in Iraq). Falcon, just like the real insurgents in Iraq dedicated to their unethical war, chose an unethical path. He spread deceitful lies and led his brethren into the jaws of Tahantos instead of guiding them towards a life of peace and happiness. The next event in The Sirens of Baghdad is fueled by the insurgents use of deceitful tactics. In pursuit of their unethical war, they purposely caused guileless lives to be lost in order to create media propaganda to recruit the uninitiated teenaged men of Iraq.They dressed in civilian clothing and hid among the people. They used the innocent women and children for c everyplace and serviceman shields. A populace. held hostage by a group of ragged, starving rebels, armed with filthy rifles and rocket launchers (Khadra 76). Their actions and behaviors are very similar to those of the real insurgency and their unethical war in Iraq. An example of this is when they gave younker school children realistic toy guns to play with at the very same check points their relatives work at with US troops.This was obviously done to cause innocent bloodshed which, in turn, will create some type of media propaganda for their cause. Specialist Raven Jenks says, Its to train the kids to use real weapons, and also to provoke us into killing civilians (Iraqs teenage Blood). The insurgency uses this unethical tactic to create media propaganda of war. This is for the sole purpose of causing despair and rage within the people of Iraq to brainwash them and turn them against the forces that are sent to help. In the event described below, Yassen is one of the first young men in the Sirens of Baghdad to be won over by this unethical war tactic.The event takes place in the cafe in Kafr Karma. Seeds of doubt and deception have already reached the minds of Kafr Karmas younker astir(predicate) American t roops. Before departing for Bagdad, Sayed, Falcons son, purposely left a parting gift of a television for Kafr Karams youth at the cafe. He did this in hopes the youth would not forget his message and that the young men of Kafra Karam would not lose sight of their countrys tragic reality (Khadra 74). on with the seeds of doubt and deception already planted within the young mens minds, this gift proved to be a poisoned chalice (Khadra 83). It served its purpose well.The youth were griped with the images of war and enraged by the lost of innocent blood shed of their people. They began to sway to the side of the insurgency unethical war applauding successful ambushes and deploring skirmishes that went wrong (Khadra 84). The young men of Kafr Karam were growing closer to Thanatos everyday and the temptation to honor false covenants . and gender (Hedges 250),such as Saddam, was taking affect. Fully aware of the unethical wrongs Saddam committed, the youth still began to further familiar ize themselves with him. Their initial delight for his capture turned to frustration.One of the youth, Yaseen, felt the ordinaryity portraying the capture of Saddam envisioned him as a rat dirty, confused, unshaven, and exposed to the cameras of the world. Yassen took offense to this and announced by humiliating him like that, they were holding up every Arab in the world to public opprobrium (Khadra 84). Yassen was clearly won over by the insurgencys propaganda and unethical chose to aid in spreading its lies and deceit. The insurgencys seed of doubt and deception enforced by their media propaganda enforced their campaign for the loyalty (Hedges 250) and paid off.The insurgency gained a new recruit from Kafr Karam to join their unethical war. The final event described below from The Sirens of Baghdad is a fictional example of the ultimate insanity of the insurgencys unethical war. The Iraqi insurgency preys on the young men and boys who have been submerse in violence the closest a nalogy may be to the Taliban in Afghanistan. They offer these orphans of war a different configuration of family structure cemented by the bonds of Islam(Iraqs Young Blood). These young Iraqis want to belong but more importantly crave purpose. Their minds are impressionable, easy to manipulate and brainwash. devising them the perfect candidates to turn into suicidal human weapons. The event described below from The Sirens of Baghdad bear witness to this product of unethical war. The main character (the narrator) turns himself into human weapon. The final event takes place in Beirut, Lebanon. The narrator has been groomed by his cousin Sayed (a member of the insurgency) since his arrival in Baghdad form Kafr Karam. The narrator, who has longed to become a suicide bomber, now receives his chance. Fully aware of his cousins fate, Sayed still makes the unethical decision to offer the narrator the mission. Sayed says, you wanted some action.Well, the miracle has taken place. mission is now possible (Khadra 236). The narrator accepts the unethical mission. Delighted, but aware of the possibility the narrator may change his mind before the mission, Sayed makes the unethical discussion to manipulate his young cousin once again. He says, Kafr Karam, the forgotten, will take its place in history (Khadra 237). Those words send the narrator into a state of purpose and honor. This is evident when he says, He had lifted me up into the ranks of those who are revered (Khadra 237). The narrator has made the unethical choice to become a human weapon.

Biofuels And Bioenergy

Bio renders And BioenergyIntroductionThe commit of fossil fuel as a kickoff of energy has aided the development of the human race for many geezerhood. This technology has allowed for many benefits such as electricity, transportation, manufacturing machinery etc. The world is faced with the complex economic and environmental issues associated with energy use that must be addressed if we ar to brinytain and improve our lifestyle. Our economy depends on low cost energy. The idea of re freshlyable energy has been around for quite some time but did not receive practically attention mainly due to lower petroleum prices oer half a century ago.However the time has like a shot hang when it send packing no longer be ignored as we enter a new level of consciousness about our fuel consumption and the lack of fossil fuels we hold including aw beness about the impact on the environmenti. The pressure to have cheaper alternative energy has become more important especially at a time where we are facing a global recession.As printing press as these economic issues become, we are in any case faced with even greater environmental consequences if we do not change our energy use patterns. Looming in the accentuate of everything is the mounting concern of carbon dioxide (CO2) build up and other so called greenhouse go down ones in the atmosphere, which trap the heat that usually radiates from the earth, and cause global clime changeii.Therefore clearly, developing alternatives to fuel should be one of the highest priorities of many nations.With record embrocate prices, the future of Biofuels made from biomass is of keen interest to the world. The global yield of Biofuels has gain from 4.8 billion gallons in the year 2000 to about 16.0 billion in the year 2007, but this still accounts for less than 3 percent of the global transportation fuel supplyiii.This literature reviews the technology of biofuels, their yield, usage and impact on a global scale.What are Biofue ls?A biofuel muckle be defined as fuel derived from biomass which is launch in many living biological material. Living organisms and their metabolic byproducts such as manure have been successfully apply as biomasses.Biomethane,Biograin alcohol,Biodiesel motorBiobutanolThese fuels flush toilet be burnt to produce heat and power, utilize to run vehicles (Brazil has the highest proportion of road vehicles designed to run on biofuels which peaked at 90% in the 1980s) or powering fuel cells.The fill by volume of a biofuel is a minimum of 80% biomass products.Biomass is a form of stored energy just like coal of petrol. The main advantage of biofuels compared with roughly other traditional fuel types is that this is a biodegradable technology, therefore it is comparatively harmless to the environment.A large amount of biofuels come from specifically grown agricultural crops such as kail cane and corn. Another useful source is biodegradable by-products that come from industries, ho useholds and forestry e.g. timber and rice which can besides be used to generate biofuel.There is a growing interest in the field renewable energy technology. And this has resulted in research soon being carried out on projects such as the large scale utilization of micro algae as an energy source.Brief History of BiofuelsThe initial use of biofuels was in the early days of the automobile industry. A German inventor known as Nikolaus August Otto came through with his invention of running the combustion railway locomotive using ethanol. Another historic invention was the powering of diesel engines using peanut oil was by Rudolf Diesel, the German inventor. But unfortunately however in the nineteenth century when crude oil became cheaper, cars began using fuels from oil which has led to where we are now.There is an increasingly importance in the use of biofuels as a replacement, now being considered by many countries such as the United Stated, by 2025 aim to replace 75% of the oil coming from the Middle East.Over the survive century, the world has become accustomed to petroleum based transportation fuels, lubricants and other useful products derived from fossil fuels. However the recent oil prices have been escalating ever since the mid-seventies fuel crisis and the global climate has changing drastically. Perhaps the time has come to learn a lesson from history and adopt the idea of biofuels for the benefit of the living to give up the planet instead of taking the easiest and cheapest way out, saving the planet for the next generations to come. baptistery Studies and practices of BiofuelsWe will now look at a few case studies where Biofuels have been successfully used and utilized.Case Study 1 A Lesson from BrazilThe worlds second largest ethanol schedule is based in Brazil and they are capitalizing on bountiful soybean supplies to spread out into biodiesel. About 20 percent of the countrys fuel supply is obtained from the nations sugarcane crop which i s processed into ethanol.Brazils policy program was changed to encourage the nations energy independence and creating a substitute value added market for sugar producers. The following was set off in the 1970s right by and by the famous OPEC oil embargo. Sugarcane producer have been well corroborateed by the government which has spent billions to develop distilleries, build infrastructure and promote the doing of pure ethanol and other transport fuelsiv.It was shown that while the costs were high, this program benefited by saving far more in foreign exchange from the resulting rock-bottom petroleum imports.Brazil in the mid to late 1990s pursed a less intrusive move towards the elimination of direct subsidies and price settings for ethanol with dickens main elements.Which were a blending requirement (which is now about 25%) and tax incentives favouring the use of ethanol and its purchase for flex-fuel vehicles.Today 80 percent automobiles produced in Brazil have flexible fuel capabilityvi, up from 30 percent in 2004. Ethanol is widely available to consumers at intimately all of Brazils 32,000 tout stations the consumers primarily have the choice between a 100-percent hydrous ethanol and a 25-percent ethanol-gasoline blend on the basis of relative pricesvii.Roughly 20 percent of current fuel use in Brazil is ethanol, but it will be challenging to raise the share as Brazils fuel demands appreciation growing with the rest of the worldou.Brazil is a middle-income economy having a per capita energy consumption which is only 15 percent that of the United States and Canada. Unfortunately, the current biofuel production levels in Brazil are not much superior than they were in the late 1990s due to the limitations by the economy and environmentalist.Biofuels have however, come under skilful attack recently saying that it is eating into farmlands meant for food production. And as a result last year the European Union backed out from a commitment which would in troduce a 10 percent compulsory quota of biofuels in all transportation by 2020viii.While admitting that biofuels are no silver bullet, the administration in Brazil understand and insist that biofuels are the best way forward for developing countriesix.A large expansion in ethanol production is underway in the United States, spurred by high oil prices and energy policiesThe production of ethanol is the U.S climbed to almost 5 billion gallonsx in 2006, up nearly 1 billion gallons from 2005. Regardless of the speed and degree of this increase, the industry has stepped up the speed of expansion, with production expected go as high as 10 billion gallons by 2009xi.Market conditions and policy factors are fueling the rising interest in ethanol. A rapid run-up of oil prices over the departed several years has combined with provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and already existing Federal and State biofuel programs to provide economic incentives for an expansion of U.S. ethanol pro duction.This increase in prices reflects rising global demand for crude oil resulting from strong world economic ontogenesis, including rapid manufacturing gains in China and India. Further growth in global economic activity will continue to drive up world demand for oil, particularly in highly energy-dependent economies in Asia. Although the increase in demand is likely to be partly offset by future oil discoveries, more new technologies for discovery and extracting oil, and constant expansion and sweetening in renewable energy, the oil prices are expected to remain high by historical standards.As a result of these strong incentives, the ethanol production capacity has increased over the last year as more production launchs have been built or are under construction. Once the constructions of the new plants are complete according to the Renewable Fuel Program of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 renewable fuel use should reach 7.5 billion gallons by year 2012xii.The vast expansion in biofuels production and use mandated by EISA will require the development of new methods and equipment to collect, store, and pre-process biomass in a manner delicious tobiorefineries. These activities, which constitute as much as 20% of the current cost of finished cellulosic ethanol, are comprised of four main elementsHarvesters collectors that remove feedstocks from cropland and out of forests.Storage facilities that support a steady supply of biomass to the biorefi nery, in a manner that prevents material spoilage.Preprocessing/grinding equipment that transform feedstocks to the proper moisture content, bulk density, viscosity, and quality.Transportation of feedstocks from the field to the biorefinery.Case Study 3 Biofuels in Senegal JATROPHA PROGRAMIt all started in India when Jatropha Carcus-Honduras were carried in by Portuguese sailors a few hundred years ago. They were planted around other valuable plantations as a fence because animals and insects were repelled away fr om it. Meanwhile, Indian farmers found out that the nut contained oil which they used in their oil lamps. Over the years, these farmers bred the plant to have higher oil content as high as 40-50%. India has always been interested to produce biofuels however it had to come from non-food crops. The Biodiesel produced required certain characteristics for example it had to come from non-food crops and grown in non-prime agricultural land. Jatropha fulfilled these requirements as it is resistant to droughts, requiring minimum use of pesticides and fertilizers. Jatropha plants are very hardy and grow very fast producing seeds for extraction within a few months.The main objective of the program is to reckon Senegals self-sufficiency in biodiesel by 2012 with the production of 1 190 000 000 litres of crude Jatropha oil. This production will represent 1 134 000 000 litres of refined oil which can be used as biodiesel for vehicles as well as to generate powerxiii.It is also the aim of the p rogram to accelerate the modernisation of the agricultural sector, to create 100,000 direct employment opportunities for the local anesthetic population particularly in the rural areas where the cultivation of jatropha will be mostly undertaken.The successful implementation of the jatropha program will ensure the diversification of the cultivation of cash crops, reduce the energy bill of households in the country as well as its heavy dependence on trade energy and improve the countrys international trade and balance of payment.Moreover, the program will contribute towards the reduction of environmental pollution caused by vehicle engines and will also help alleviate poverty and inequality between rural and urban areas.BIOFUEL PRODUCTION TYPES SOURCESBiofuels can be classified in two ways, firstly by the state at which the fuel exists in their natural form which are mainly gas, liquid or solid. And secondly by the sources they have been produced from and the technology used to prod uce them. In this literature review, biofuels have been classified according the second way.FIRST GENERATION (food crops)First generation biofuels are derived from food crops such as starch, sugar and vegetable oil using conventional techniques discussed later on. Several types of first generation biofuels are discussed briefly below.BiodieselBiodiesel is probably the most common and most popular type of biofuel in the world because it also is the easiest to produce from ordinary vegetable oil. Biodiesel is produced very simply by combining any type of oil or biomass with methanol and sodium hydroxidexiv. It can be used on any diesel engine without any changes to it by mixing with mineral diesel as was described earlier in the History of Biofuels section.Vegetable oilThese kinds of oil can be either used for cooking purpose or even as fuel. The main fact that determines the usage of this oil is the quality. The oil with good quality is generally used for cooking purpose. Vegetable oil can even be used in most of the old diesel engines, but only in warm atmosphere. In most of the countries, vegetable oil is mainly used for the production of biodiesel.There has a been great interest shown by European countries and the USA, the graphs below show a rising trend of biodiesel production is USA and many countries of Europe.Biogas SyngasBiogas is produced from organic materials by anaerobic digestion. Waste materials which are biodegradable can also produce biogas if they are fed into anaerobic digestersxv. The resulting biomass can be used as fertiliser for agricultural usage. Biogas is rich in methane gas which can be recovered and used as burning fuel. Methane gas is also produced by the natural decay of garbage dumps over time. Another process to produce Syngas or biosyngas is by gasification of biomass into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hydrogen can be recovered from syngas or the syngas can be converted to diesel fuel using Fischer-Tropsch processxvi.Bioalcoho ls (bioethanol)Enzymes and micro-organisms are used to produce alcohols through the process of zymolysis of starches and sugarxvii. Ethanol being the most common of those bioalcohol as in bioethanol produced from sugar cane in Brazil. A significant amount of ethanol is also produced from sugar beets and corn by fermentation in other part of the world.SECOND GENERATION (non food crops)Second generation of biofuels had been developed to use biomass left from the non-food parts of current crops such as stems, leaves and husks left behind after the important parts of the crop has been taken. It also includes biomass from non food crops such as Jatropha plant (which are toxic), switch grass and industrial waste such as wood chips, skin and pulp from fruit pressings. This generation of biofuels is not cost competitory with existing fossil fuels, do not threaten food supplies and biodiversityxviii.THIRD GENERATION (agriculture)Third generation biofuels is obtained from algae and this is also called advanced biofuel. Algae is tripping to grow and it is a high-yielding feedstock for the production of biofuel as it produces 30 times more energy per acre of land than traditional crops such as corn or soybeanxix. They are biodegradable so it is environmentally friendly. Similar to obtaining the oil from vegetation, algae contains almost 40-50% oil which is squeezed out and the remaining biomass can be used as fertilizer or high protein animal feed. The oil from algae can be converted to biodiesel.FOURTH GENERATION (biodiesel to gasoline)Last but not least is twenty-five percent generation biofuels which is still undergoing research at the highest levels. The main aim is to convert biodiesel into gasoline similar to the one obtained from petroleum but it will be much cleaner with less harmful emissions. This is similar to how natural gas or methane is converted to petrol. However there is much more study required in this part and will probably not be available in 10-2 0 years time.First generation feedstocks include corn for ethanol and soybeans for biodiesel. These feedstocks are currently in use and their yields have been increasing.Second generation feedstocks consist of the residues or left-overs from crop and forest harvests. They show much promise for near-term adoption with the development of cellulosic renewal technologies.Third generation feedstocks are crops whichrequire further RD to commercialize, such as perennial grasses, fast growing trees, and algae. They are designed exclusively for fuels production and are normally referred to as energy crops. They represent a key long-term component to a sustainable biofuels industryxx.BIBLIOGRAPHYCharles E. Wyman (1996) Handbook on Bioethanol Production and Utilization, Taylor Francis Publishers, pg 1Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1990. J.T. Houghton, G.J.Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums, eds. Climate Change-the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge, United Kingdom Cambridge Universit y Press.Amber Waves, November 2007, Volume 5, uncover 5, William Coyle The time to come of Biofuels A Global Perspective.Amber Waves, November 2007, Volume 5, Issue 5, William Coyle The time to come of Biofuels A Global Perspective.Market Research Analyst, Worlds Ethanol Production Forecast 2008 2012 http//www.marketresearchanalyst.com/2008/01/26/world-ethanol-production-forecast-2008-2012/Flex-fuel Vehicles inBrazil http//alternativefuels.about.com/od/ethanol/a/ffvsbrazil.htmAmber Waves, November 2007, Volume 5, Issue 5, William Coyle The Future of Biofuels A Global Perspective.CLIMATE CHANGE Brazil Defends Biofuels, Claudia Ciobanu, http//ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49597CLIMATE CHANGE Brazil Defends Biofuels, Claudia Ciobanu, http//ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49597Green Car Congress, Energy, Technologies, Issues and Policies for Sustainable mobility http//www.greencarcongress.com/2007/08/us-ethanol-prod.htmlAmber Waves, September 2007, Volume 5, Issue 5, Paul. C. Westcot U. S. Ethanol Expansion Driving Changes Throughout the agriculture sector.Shurson, Jerry, Mindy Spiehs, Jennifer Wilson, and Mark Whitney. Value and use of new generation distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets, Alltechs 19th International generate Industry Symposium Proceedings, May 2003.Ministry of Agriculture, New orientation for the Agriculture Sector Policy, REVA Plan, Special Biofuels Program, March 2007, Biofuels in Senegal Jatropha Program 2007-2009.Biofuel Organisation http//biofuel.org.uk/first-generation-biofuels.htmlBiofuel Organisation http//biofuel.org.uk/first-generation-biofuels.htmlleeward S., Lee L., Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, CRC Press (2005), Biofuels and Bioenergy pp123Biofuel Organisation http//biofuel.org.uk/first-generation-biofuels.htmlRenewableEnergy.com News Article Next generation of biofuels http//www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=49099Washington Post News Article http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/ 01/03/AR2008010303907.htmlUnited States Department of Agriculture, National Biofuels Action Plan, September 2008, Board Action Area 2 Feedstock production pg 5.

Facing challenges of change at British Airways

Facing ch anyenges of change at British Air routesAirline railway line is a difficult company. It has been well-known in the direction of being the mainly economical company in all over the world. Marketing executive mustiness likewise be ready for action on the way to manage through the scraps of this variety of melodic phrase.British Airways is one of the marketplace influential within the argumentationlines exertion in U.K. The corporation has it huge opportunity. The escape valve path is dedicated towards quality-service. In count, it has its aggressive advantages. British Airways has enormous opportunity of increasing and getting go bad of its services.In this we wrangle about the various challenges of change confront by the British Airways and in what way it is approaching the procedure of change.IntroductionBritish Airways is one of the leading airlines in the world. This case traces the airlines history and discusses the process of turnaround during the 1980s neth er the leadership of Lord King and Colin Marshall.The case also discusses the subsequent turbulent period under CEO Bob Ayling and the challenges faced, including respite, competition, terrorism and the Gulf war. The case closes with an outline of the tasks forrad of the incumbent CEO Rod Eddington. The case feces be used to exposit the importance of leadership in bringing about cultural change.Challenges faced by British AirwaysThe economic conditions that prevailed throughout 2009/10 were the most severe they wee-wee ever encountered. As a result of the worst nook for 60 familys, their attention has faced a series of permanent structural changes that submit drastically dropd their revenues in the short term and check permanently changed the economics of running a premium airline.These hassles be in themselves formidable. But, in addition, British Airways faced a list of daunting challenges of its own. These included the need to Raise finance at a sentence of continui ng crisis in the debt markets Radically reduce their historical cost base Change working practices Complete their envisionned merger with Iberia Win an acceptable anti-trust agreement to cooperate with the Statesn Airlines and Iberia on North Atlantic routes and Tackle their 3.7 billion pensions deficit successfully.Twelve months on, they can feel satisfied that on every one of these issues, they amaze either tackled or made authoritative come about in overcoming the challenges they faced.Permanent changeThey entered the recession financially strong and with their fleet replacement plans fully financed to 2013. In August 2009, they successfully raised 350 gazillion through a convertible bond issue, providing them with the finance to keep investing in their business and maintain their focthem on excellent service as the recession runs its course. Over the year they reduced their unit costs by 6.5 per cent. Their fuel bill fell by nearly 600 million, accounting for a large divis or of this decrease. Unit costs excluding fuel also fell by 1.8 per cent. This was truly a remarkable achievement. It is hard enough to cutcosts when susceptibility is insurrection to do so when capacity is in sharp decline is very difficult indeed. Their cost base is now far more competitive, meaning they are well placed to achieve more profitable growth in the future. They successfully carried the majority of their workforce with them in make changes to working practices, including their pilots and engineers. A outlet of staff founder left the Company on voluntary terms. They have succeeded in introducing permanent cost reductions across the airline, including reductions in crew complements. Regrettably, these changes were met by unjustifiable strike action by Unites cabin crew branch. BASSA misrepresented the Companys position to its members, failed to represent the views of the majority of cabin crew and has been intent on a confrontation with the airline. The vast majorit y of their employees recognise the need for permanent change and have figuren great commitment to British Airways during this difficult year. Their relationship with Iberia is very strong and they have now signed a mergeragreement that they know depart bring real benefits to their respective guests and shareholders and protect the brands of the two airlines. If remaining technicalities are successfully dealt with, as they fully expect, the merger should be concluded by the end of 2010. Similarly, all the signs are that they can win anti-trust immunity from the THEM Department of Transportation along with regulatory approval from the EU competition authorities, to operate a joint business with American Airlines and Iberia over the North Atlantic. When in place they will be able to operate on equal terms with Skyteam and Star Alliance that already enjoy immunity. Their agreement will mean more competition non less, and greater choice for travelers on these busy routes. Finally, t hey are progressing with negotiations to agree a way to fund their 3.7 billion pension deficits that satisfies the Trustees and meets their requirement that they will not have to increase their contribution to the schemes in the short term. Whilst the valuation has been agreed with the Trustees, it is currently under review by the Pensions Regulator. If they can keep the schemes open for existing members it will be a significant achievement and one that has eluded many other businesses in youthful years. I hope you can see how huge an docket of change they have tackled. In that sense, 2009/10 was a year of great achievement.Financial resultsTheir progress is all the more remarkable at a time when all their principal business customers changed their travel oliciesat the same time, turning their back on premium shorthaul travel and reducing their revenues by 1 billion. Against that backdrop, they save another year of heavy losses in their business. They recorded their biggest ever half year loss of 292 million. Early and far-r apieceing action on costs began to show through in the second half of the year and they were even able to post a small operating profit in the third quarter. For the year as a whole their pre-tax losses stood at 531 million compared with a loss of 401 million in the preceding year. They cannot afford to lose sight of the collection plate of their losses in the last two years, even though they came on the back of record profits in 2007/08. Their business simply will not survive long term unless they s blossom losing money on this scale.Dividends and executive payThe programme of change they are pursuing in the business is all about making sure they have the resources to deliver outstanding service to their customers, secure and rewarding employment to their staff and strong returns to their shareholders. Given the state of their market they have frozen pay across the airline for two years. They have once again decided it would be inapp ropriate to pay a dividend or executive or staff cash bonuses.Customer focusTheir primary focthem must remain on their customers no matter how severe the economic conditions they face. The customer is at the very heart of their plans to build an efficient global premium airline and to achieve lasting and sustainable profitability for this business. During the year, they continued to outperform in their punctuality scores, not just at Terminal 5, but across the network. Maintaining that record has involved some magnificent work by people adjust across the business and they take immense pride in their achievements. Their customer service scores remain strong despitesignificant operational disruption.An attention in transitionConsolidation will be a growing theme for their industry for the foreseeable future and they are pleased with their ownprogress in building forward-looking partnerships and alliances. But progress on liberalising the global industry remains painfully slow, now here more so than in the recent protracted Open Skies negotiations between the THEM and Europe. They had hoped that the conclusion of the EU-THEM second stage negotiations would have resulted in the immediate removal of THEM restrictions on ownership and control and the protectionist Fly America policy. Unfortunately, instead of the ambitious agreement that had been promised by both sides that would have acted as a template for further global liberalisation across other occupation blocs, they have ended up with an agreement that fails to deliver a truly open market for aviation. This represents a missed opportunity to create a healthier and more efficient industry for the future. Indeed, the only hope for progress may lie in moving the issue to a more powerful welkin such as the Trans Atlantic Economic Council where Europe could offer wider trade concessions, in sectors such as agriculture, in return for progress on air transport. These restrictive ownership and control requireme nts that prevent cross-border airline mergers, need to be consigned to the history books and fast. Only then will they see the true benefits that normalisation of the industry can achieve as is already the case with other sectors of the global economy.Climate changeAs a company they have led the way in searching for real and radical ways to tackle climate change. Not only have they set ourselves industry-leading targets to cut their own emissions, they are also strong advocates of carbon trading and believe aviation should be part of a global emissions trading scheme. The Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen in December presented the industry with an ideal opportunity to come together and pretend this a reality. For many cogitates the outcome from the summit was disappointing not least as no reference was made to the airline industry. However, it is clear the governments of the world recognise the airline industry is taking a responsible position and is indeed out front of its r egulators in wanting to tackle climate change. The industry continues to work closely together to develop and promote its position. Its now down to the regulators and Governments to show commitment to the industry and to allow them to play their full part in contributing to the global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.Economic outlookThe worst of the recession seems to be over. Unemployment in the UK, for example, seems to have peaked and at lower levels than had been feared. In their own business, February saw them record the first increase in premium barter since August 2008. But convalescence is precariothem and it would be foolish to assume they are out of the woods yet. The new UK Government will be forced to make some very unpopular decisions in the weeks and months ahead. Tackling the deficit remains the biggest priority. The new coalition Government plans to make immediate cuts in the deficit, they believe this threatens real dangers, not least that increased taxes and hasty spending cuts could throttle consumer confidence and trigger a double dip recession. It is vital that the UK develops a credible, measured plan to reduce thedeficit, spelling out the reductions that are needed and the timescale in which they will be achieved. With election grandstanding now out of the way, this must be a priority for the new administration.A tremendothem effortIts been an immensely difficult year for my colleagues across the business and I want to thank them for the tremendous work they have done. The spirit theyve shown in supporting the business through one of its most difficult periods has been unbelievable. Its involved a lot of hard work and considerable personal sacrifices.Their prospectsTheir own re recompensey depends very much on how fast the general economy returns to growth. They remain cautiothem on that. They expect the climb out of recession to be a comparatively slow one. However, I am convinced that the work they have done over the last 18 mon ths to restructure their cost base and the progress they have made on the challenges they faced at the start of 2009/10, mean they are a far more resilient business today. That means they can be confident about surviving through further economic uncertainty. More importantly, it means they will be in a position to achieve high levels of sustainable profitability when conditions improve. That is very good news for their customers, their staff and their shareholders.Approaches for the variothem challenges faced by the British Airways hotshot of the significant ways to distinguish one airline from another is in terms of the quality of its decisions. They use operational systems to run the business and business intelligence, delivered by Business Objects query and reporting tools, to manage it.British Airways Improves Customer Relationship Management and Maximises Revenues with Information Delivered by Business ObjectsThe airline market is fiercely competitive with strong demand for lu crative business traveller routes due to capacity restrictions at major European airports and low cost entrants offering cheaper flights for the leisure passenger. Leading UK airline British Airways, is underpinning its strategic operations with business intelligence (BI) delivered by Business Objects solutions. British Airways use BUSINESSOBJECTS, the integrated query, reporting and online analytical processing tool (OLAP) to access, analyse and share information stored in British Airways data warehouse. British Airways is also currently in the process of extending the decision making process widely distributed via WEBINTELLIGENCE, the internet BI solution from Business Objects.strategic Decision MakingBritish Airways is one of the worlds most successful airlines, carrying over 48 million passengers a year. Peter Blundell, Knowledge Strategy Manager, British Airways, says One of the significant ways to distinguish one airline from another is in terms of the quality of its decision s. They use operational systems to run the business and business intelligence, delivered by Business Objects query and reporting tools, to manage it.BUSINESS OBJECTS is used throughout British Airways, with dozens of applications taking information from a central data warehouse. These cover all aspects of the business from CRM applications supporting the frequent flyer programme, through yield management and revenue analysis to catering supply chain management. Blundell explains, With BUSINESS OBJECTS they have been able to provide any line manager with the capability to assess relevant business information without requiring an army of data specialists.British Airways primary challenge is to make the airline as a whole and each route profitable. This is complicated since the company is unable to change product offerings very quickly. With the capacity restrictions in many airports, routes have to be negotiated and published some six months in advance. BUSINESS OBJECTS supports their long term planning, analysing the number of flights per day, routes and aircraft types that are most appropriate, says Blundell. This drives their negotiation for capacity constrained routes.Maximising YieldEvery airline has to achieve a balance between availability of higher priced business seats and filling the flight with cheaper leisure fares. British Airways is using BUSINESS OBJECTS to analyse customer behavitheir and flight sales to maximise yield on each route. The business and leisure traveller have very different needs, with the business traveller looking for frequency of flights, punctuality and good customer service, while the leisure traveller is looking for honour for money. Customer service also provides an area of differentiation. British Airways promotional activity tailors offers based on customer preferences and travel history. The costs the market will conceive are different on each route, at different times of the day and week and depend on the level of compe tition on that route. BUSINESSOBJECTSenables them to better understand booking and customer profiles and use that information to maximise yield on each flight by creating the right promotional offer to each customer group.British Airways Leads Punctuality LeagueTwo of the most successful BUSINESS OBJECTS applications have addressed punctuality and baggage handling. Analysing sources of delay, by type, route and reason has enabled British Airways to significantly improve its position in the punctuality league of European airlines. For business passengers, punctuality and efficient baggage handling are particular factors that drive the choice of airline. British Airways wanted to improve its punctuality and BUSINESS OBJECTS was part of that solution. By analysing any problems with BUSINESS OBJECTS they have father one of the top rated European airlines for punctuality. A similar analysis using BUSINESS OBJECTS to look at baggage handling enabled the company to highlight reasons for baggage failing to touch with the right flight. While there was time for passengers to make the connection it was not always possible for their luggage to make the same journey. They have overcome that problem and significantly improved our baggage handling as a result, says Blundell.Worldwide Business IntelligenceHaving created a business intelligence infrastructure that is underpinning decision making throughout the British Airways head office, the company is now looking to broaden its user base from one thousand to potentially ten thousand worldwide via its intranet. Blundell explains, They plan to use Business ObjectsWEBINTELLIGENCE internet BI solution to deliver the business intelligence functionality they have developedto airports and offices around the world. By leveraging the intranet and WEBINTELLIGENCE, they can deliver keybusiness information in a cost effective manner.Using WEBINTELLIGENCE, British Airways will be able to provide topical anesthetic managers with secur e access to the localinformation pertinent to their operation, underpinning the drive to maximise revenue and market share and minimise costs across specific routes. Blundell explains, British Airways business goal is to broaden the decision making ability by providing pertinent information. Empowering people to make decisions on behalf of the company leads to better customer relationships. By making information available via the intranet they can ensure improved consistent customer service worldwide.By analysing any problems with BUSINESS OBJECTS e have become one of the top rated European airlines for punctuality.ConclusionBritish Airways remains cautiously optimistic about its future prospects. However, it iscertain that considerably more work lies ahead if the airline is to succeed. The FSASplan incorporated by BA resulted in considerable cost savings, and divestments alsoraised funds to pay off debt. The goal of the FSAS plan was to achieve a 10%operating margin and hence more recent cost cuts and job loses have been made byWillie Walsh order to secure this.

Responsibilities Of The Network Engineer Information Technology Essay

Responsibilities Of The Ne twainrk Engineer Information Technology EssayA computer communicate is a combination of the two or more hardw ar deceives and with the compatible software package which allows the communication between these devices such as info and voice, video etc.Next section going to deal with the Hardware utilize to build the internetTransmission MediumThis is utilise to connect the transmitter and receiver. It may be guided and unguided medium.Guided MediumIn this slip capacity establish on the bandwidth rate and the distance it has to right and type of the link ex point to point or MultipointThere are 4 transmissions mediumTwisted-pair Cable These are the most commonly used media generally uses RJ-45 plug. Twisted-pair contains the 4 insulated copper wires and misshapen. The twisting pair reduces the effect of the Electromagnetic waves. Twisted pairs curb in terms of data rate and distance EX requires amplifiers every 5-6 km for analog signals and 2-3 km f or digital signals. These are again divided in to two types called shielded and UN-shielded twisted-pair. STP cables are covered by an additional shield which makes more robust and reduces the electromagnetic interferenceCoaxial cable live of two conductors angiotensin converting enzyme is inner conductor and other one is shield which is generally metal foil surrounded by the inner conductor with the diameters of 1 to 2.5cm . Outer shield used to reduce the interference and cross talk. These cover more distance than twisted-pair. Generally use in cable TV and to cover long distance telephone lines. It hind end transmit both analog and digital data, supports up to 10000 voice data using FDM.Optical graphic symbol cable role optic technology uses the light to transmit the data. It has begun in1970s. Fiber technology uses allows higher bandwidth thats the reason used between the central offices which needs to carry high volumes of voice traffic where copper wire go aways limited distance and bandwidth. Optical fiber cable carry thousands time more data than twisted pair , lightweight, low loss of signal, higher reliable and it doesnt generate the EMI so it is difficult to breach .optical fiber cable consist core and coating buffer, outerjacker, veneer . Core is the piece of music which carrys the light and which is made of silica and Germanic and the cladding which covers core and is made of silica only cladding has reflective characteristic so which depart help the light be in the core . Fiber is two types single and multi-mode .buffer help to protect the core and cladding act as shock absorbent and strength member help to protect from installation damages and outer jacket is for environment protectSingle Mode FiberMultimode FiberWidth of coreVery thin(8 to 10microns) and allows straight line light passingLight travels in several paths core width is 50 to 65 micronsBandwidthHigherLowerQualityHigherLowerApplicationLonger distance transmissionShort distanc e transmissionRoutersA router is device which divides the network into two parts. The different port of the router comes under different net work. A router is specialized device which routes the packets from the source to destination and besides used to connect the different LANS. Routers works on the Network Layer which is the 3rd layer of the OSI lesson since it uses the logical address (IP address) to do routing decisions, whenever a packet arrives from the data links layer to one of the port in router then router unwrap the data link layer header and attaches the new header to transmit it out. Every router contains the computer hardware and network carry system. The hardware consisted of Routing processor, ROM, RAM, FLASH Memory and input and output ports, NVRAM, Other interfaces. CPU work along with the routing protocols and creates forwarding tables which is used in convertring the packets to the destination. Input and output interfaces are the physical links which deals with the incoming and outgoing packets generally these are RJ-45 ports and other interfaces such as AUX port and console ports. Console port is used to tack the router which is necessary because router is not zero configuration device. RAM and ROM as same functionality like in normal computers, flash holds the image of the IOS. AUX port is used to connect router from remote portal.HUB An Ethernet Hub is device for connecting multiple wires (twisted pair, fiber) to connect multiple devices into a single network. Hubs works at layer1 of the OSI model. Hub works at hardware level it receives packets on one port and broadcast to all other ports. If more than couple of devices tries to transfer the data at a time a collision exit occur. All the devices which are affiliated to the hub come under same collision do of import. Hubs are two types i.e. passive, active and intelligent. UN-managed are middling a hardware just broadcast the incoming signal. Where managed hubs are configured using workstation.SWITCHA switch is small hardware device which joints multiple nodes together with in a local area network divides into logical pieces. Switch operates at data link layer (layer 2) OSI model. Switches are similar to hubs but more intelligence than the hub. Switches works on layer 2 so it can interpret the data packets and analyze and air out it to appropriate port which leads to destination. Switch consumes the bandwidth and offers the better slaying than the hub. round modern switches operate at layer 3 and layer 4 as well. Each node which is connected to switch gets dedicated link. Switches can provide better security by providing different collision domain bureau it separate the one port traffic to another port traffic. Switches classified ground on the switching it use1. Cut-through mode2. Store and forward modeHostsHosts are generally the end devices to which the work are being served or services are being taken.End devices are the interface between the user and the network to utilize the services ex computers, hosts, printers, cameras, VOIP phones, and any mobile hand held devices. A server is normal computer or high-end device which provides one or more service over the network where client is another end who indicate the service. There are several types of servers available. Application, chat server, ftp, mail, proxy servers etc. there are many server software available outside for Ex Tomcat, Microsoft, IBM HTTP server etc web server has main three computers. Generally server hardware is high end hardware devices and prodigal processing capable and this system essential be robust from the damages and end computers are just desktop of laptops which is used to access the internet and to do the personal work and it can access the server with the specified set of rules, VOIP telephones one of the emerging technology cheaper and faster than normal telephones(PBX).which uses the data network as the medium and any one can make the call to anyone around the world with the cheaper price and better in qualityOSI ModelOSI model is tool from the international organization for standardization which divides the data communication into small parts (Layers). Each layer has its own and unique functionality from other layers and each layer provides service to another layer which is directly connected the bottom three layers operate to send the data from end to end system. The above four layers process the at the end device mostly (software work)OSI model divides the communication into manageable chunks so every function is item to the concern layer without OSI model its hard to mange network functions in this section going to dish antenna about the Data Link layer and Transport Layer and Network LayerNetwork LayerThis provides the end to end logical connection the main functionality of this layer is route handling and data transmission preparation. This layer provides communication with the transport and data-link lay er. It encapsulates the data received from the Transport layer and which is called protocol data units and perplexity the connection between the networks. There are several protocols which operate on network layer Ex IP, ICMP etc Internet is the principle protocol used to send the data-grams across the network. This is responsible for routing the packets across the network and provides the many functions to send the data grams to the end deviceNetwork PerformancePerformance of the network depends on the unhomogeneous factors such as channel capacity, utilization, delay in case of real-time applications and packet loss and conjunction etcPerformance metrics various are two types based on system and service. System finishance based on the depot, processor utilization, load and Input/output waiting time etc Services performance depends on the Delay, Availability etcPerformance EnhancementsThe router plays very important role routing the packets. Router determines the next hope addr ess forward the traffic then a question raises that which part of the router affects the performance more or less people says that software and some people says hard ware but performance depend on the both because as the software works well but hardware havent got the proper resources to run that its likewise decreases the performance another side resources available but not utilized properly, as well decreases the performanceWhen comes to the routing is the process of the router and this process happens in the physical, data link and network layersIPRouting protocols works at layer three and next hope will be counted at every router and routing is only is based on the destination address without the concern of the routing protocols. MPLS reduces the routing look-up and also need not run a specific protocol on every router. MPLS forwards the packets based on the label. When comes to the IP networks every router decides the next hope address but when comes to the MPLS only edge rou ters perform the routing look-up core routers sends the packets based on the simple label. When comes to the MPLS layer 2 devices run a layer 3 routing protocol and establish the virtual circuits dynamically so this provides a virtual full mesh topologyIN MPLS only routing look up will be done at edge router means packets processed through the three layers only on edge routers after that the routing will be performed only on the basis of the simple labels attached also provides different forwarding techniques in MPLS forwarding can be done on QOS etc . MPLS with Traffic engineering gives much more performance than the IP based traffic engineering or policy based routingHardware Resource UtilizationResource issues such as and RAM and CPU and IOS configuration also effects the resource utilization and the bandwidth circumspection is also effects the cables and as well bad circuits. Like PC routers have CPU and RAM unembellished hardware at the peak time all the router resources will be utilized to the maximum there are some tools which are available to supervise the CPU and interfaces always other than these we can improve the performance. By changing the switching that is used by the router. Generally the default buffer size of the router will be optimized concerning all applications but sometimes need to change when comes to the delay sensitive applications need small buffer size. Disable all the unnecessary applications which run in the back ground and the routing tables has grown up every day using the summarization and turning off the default routing. To resolve the bandwidth problems with the traffic management this is called quality of service, stopping the unwanted traffic also gives the better performance. Some commands available in default Ex Show Memory Dead which shows the memory usage such as free memory, memory failure allocation command shows the Memory allocation failuresCareer in NetworkingCareer in networking is ambitious because every day because its dynamic in nature every day new connections will be added so the network size increases data transfer rate will increase and task of maintaining the network increases. Now a days every one using the network starting from web look for to data transfer. Comparing to software developers network manager has difficult task because it has to connect various number of resources every resource has privileges and connecting this resources not makes the network some other factors need to consider such as security, stability and reliability. Network manager should provide the best protocols that cant affect the performance of the network twenty-four hours to Day Tasks1. Handle the maintenance tasks.2. Upgrade the systems software.3. Check the hardware and software.4. Monitor the antivirusExpectation from the Manager1. Provide training on latest technologies.2. Discuss effortless tasks which were done.3. Good guidance and knowledgeResponsible for installing and managing of network s. This includes installing and maintenance of the network. Future steps to extend the network organization. Monitoring the user activities in the network providing the security to emails, accounts and passwords etc. Able to analyze the network faults from major errors to minor errors. Can able to redesign or modify the network, backups etc..ConclusionIn this fast changing world, communication is important is important daily life. Lot of advancements has been taken place in the connectivity to have better communication and advancements in standards without exceptions. In this authorship i have explained the various hardware and software which has the greatest impact on the networks and the improvements which can optimize the network performance in case of hardware and software and also explained the careers and opportunities in the networking

Inclusive School Communities Essay example -- Inclusion Education Clas

Inclusive School CommunitiesOne of the most significant and controversial trends in statement today is the inclusion body of children and y come to the foreh with disabilities into general education classrooms. Inclusion refers to the practice of educating all students regardless of disability in the same classroom as students without disabilities. Though the term is relatively new, the underlying principle is not, and reflects the tactile sensation that students with disabilities should be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE), or as close to the mainstream of general education as possible. The LRE principle is one of the severalize components of federal special education law. Advocates of inclusion believe that in most cases, if not all, the LRE for students with disabilities should be the general education classroom, not only for students with mild disabilities nevertheless for all students, regardless of the severity of the disability. Inclusion supporters contend that education in the general education classroom will result not only in superior educational outcomes for students with disabilities but also other positive developmental outcomes such as increased fondization (Hunt and Goetz, 1997). Additionally, many advocates of inclusion believe that inclusion not only benefits students with disabilities, but also students without disabilities (Staub, 1995). While proponents of inclusion have often focused on the social benefits for children and youth with disabilities, especially the idea that it promotes social interactions between students with and without disabilities, critics have pointed to the possible disruption that inclusion may have on the overall quality of education for students without disabilities. However, there is litt... ...arson/Allyn and Bacon.Stainback, W. C., & Stainback, S. (1990). Support Networks for Inclusive educate Interdependent Integrated Education. Baltimore, MD Paul H. BrookesStaub, D. (1995). Qualitative research on school inclusion What do we know? What do we need to find out? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, San Fransisco, CA, November 30-December 2, 1995)Staub, D., & Peck, C. A. (1994-1995). What are the outcomes for nondisabled students? Educational Leadership, 52, 36-40.Voeltz, L. M., & Brennan, J. (1983). Analysis of the interactions between nonhandicapped and severely handicapped peers using multiple measures. In Perspectives and Progress in Mental Retardation, ChapterVI Social Psychology and Educational Aspects, edited by J. M. Berg. Baltimore, MD University Park Press.

War And Peace By Leo Tolstoy :: essays research papers

Then novel War and Peace was written by a famous Russian author Leo Tolstoy in 1865. The novel describes the war with Napoleon in which many countries were involved such as Russia, Austrian, Prussia, Spain, Sweden, and Britain. The novel generally focuses on Russia. It reflects the different views and participation in the war of Russian aristocracy and peasants and in addition shows Tolstoys negative viewpoint on the war.Showing the war, Tolstoy describes Napoleons attack on Russia, the battle of Borodino, the slow retrieval of the Russian ground forces, the conquest of Moscow by Napoleon, the fire in Moscow, and the retrieval of Napoleons army during a deadly winter. Naopleon had to retrieve from Russia under attacks by Russian peasants and horsemen on those who fell behind. His army also sufferes from cold and hunger, since the Russians obliterateed all food supplies. The putsch of Moscow by Napoleon proved to be useless, and in the long run, destroyed a large part of his army .Alongside with these historical events, Tolstoy describes the different classes of Russian society in terms of their participation in the war and what kind of an impact war had on their lives. In the beginning of the novel, the Russian aristocratic class, which was in the czars circle, requisiteed Russia to participate in the war. They wanted a quick victory and pride for the Russian nobility. They did not anticipate that the war would destroy homes, agriculture, and take many Russian lives. This class is shown in Anna Pavlova Sharers salon, with its upper class aristocracy, who talk only in French, viewing the Russian language as uncivilized and useful only for peasants. They adopted French culture and wear French style clothing, and at the same time they want to fight Napoleon. However, the majority of this class doesnt want to participate themselves in the war, but want to win the war with the hands of the peasants. These aristocrats, despite their high instruction and power, will do nothing to help win the war. They live like parasites on the body of Russias society. This is how Tolstoy describes this class in general, but he also depicts two representatives of this upper class, Andrew Bolkonsky and Pierre Bisuhov, who were the more intellectual ones, and whose lives and views of war and life changed as the result of the war.Andrew was interested in a military career, and wasnt whole satisfied with the czar, while Pierre wasted his life on alcohol his everyday activity.